词根词缀
phan, phas, phen：表示 show, appear 的意思，单词有：diaphanous（透明的），phantom（幽灵），phantasy（幻想），phenomenon（现象，奇迹，杰出的人才），sycophant（献媚者）
dic, dict：表示 speak, declare 的意思，单词有： contradict（反驳），benediction（祝福），dictum（格言，宣言），addict（沉溺，上瘾，源自奴隶的意思，表示待发落的，发落就是dict宣告），malediction（坏话），predict（寓言），vindicate（维护，证明…无辜），vindictive（开始指提供证据，反驳指责，也就是 vindicate 的意思，后引申为有报复心的），dictate（口述，使听写）
sta, stas, stat, stant, -stance：表示 stand, standing, stabilize 的意思，单词有：circumstance（环境，情况），establish（建立），obstacle（障碍，干扰），stance（立场），substance（要点，实质，即站在下面，构成基础），substantiate（证实，核实），epistemic（认知的，站在中间进行探索和认知）
英语语法概念： preposition and postposition
Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun or pronoun, or more generally a noun phrase, this being called its complement, or sometimes object. A preposition comes before its complement; a postposition comes after its complement. English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions — words such as in, under and of precede their objects, such as in England, under the table, of Jane — although there are a few exceptions including “ago” and “notwithstanding”, as in “three days ago” and “financial limitations notwithstanding”.
A less common type of adposition is the circumposition, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include ambiposition, inposition and interposition. Some linguists use the word preposition in place of adposition regardless of the applicable word order.
成为单词的人名：Marquis de Sade
Marquis de Sade (2 June 1740–2 December 1814), was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. His works include novels, short stories, plays, dialogues, and political tracts. Sade is best known for his erotic works, which combined philosophical discourse with pornography, depicting sexual fantasies with an emphasis on violence, suffering, criminality, and blasphemy against Christianity. He gained notoriety for putting these fantasies into practice. He claimed to be a proponent of absolute freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion, or law. The words sadism and sadist are derived from his name.
sadism：[‘seɪdɪz(ə)m] n.虐待狂，性虐待，施虐症
sadist：[‘sedɪst] n.虐待狂者
sadistic：[sə’dɪstɪk] adj.虐待狂的，虐待狂倾向的
修辞概念：malapropism
A malapropism (also called a malaprop or Dogberryism) is the use of an incorrect word in place of a word with a similar sound, resulting in a nonsensical, sometimes humorous utterance. An example is the statement by baseball player Yogi Berra, “Texas has a lot of electrical votes”, rather than “electoral votes”. Malapropisms often occur as errors in natural speech and are sometimes the subject of media attention, especially when made by politicians or other prominent individuals. Philosopher Donald Davidson has said that malapropisms show the complex process through which the brain translates thoughts into language.
Humorous malapropisms are the type that attract the most attention and commentary, but bland malapropisms are common in speech and writing.
